New York Penal Code 120.18: Menacing a Police Officer or Peace Officer

Menacing a police officer or peace officer is a serious criminal offense in New York. Let’s break down what this law means, the penalties you may face, and potential defenses to fight the charges.

What Does NY Penal Code 120.18 Prohibit?

Under New York Penal Code 120.18, it is illegal to intentionally place or attempt to place a police officer or peace officer in reasonable fear of physical injury, serious physical injury, or death by displaying a deadly weapon or firearm, whether operable or not[2]. The defendant must know or reasonably should know that the victim is a police officer or peace officer performing official duties when the menacing act occurs.

Some key points about this law:

• It applies to both police officers and peace officers, such as parole officers or court officers
• The weapon displayed does not need to be real or operable – just giving the appearance of having a deadly weapon is enough
• Physical injury means impairment of physical condition or substantial pain
• Serious physical injury involves risks like death, organ damage, or extended impairment/pain

Simply yelling at or arguing with a police officer is not enough to violate this law. There must be an intentional act or threat that puts the officer in reasonable fear of physical harm.

Penalties for Violating NY Penal Code 120.18

Menacing a police officer or peace officer is a Class D felony in New York[2]. This is considered a violent felony offense.

The maximum possible sentence is up to 7 years in state prison. However, the minimum sentence mandated by law is 2 years in prison. The actual sentence may be 2-5 years or longer depending on the circumstances:

• Prior criminal record – Additional felony convictions will increase the minimum sentence
• Use of a real, operable firearm – Harsher sentences apply when a real gun is used
• Injury caused – Causing physical injury will aggravate the offense and penalty

Fines up to $5,000 may also be imposed. Other consequences include having a permanent felony record and loss of certain rights, like voting and owning a gun.

Defenses to Menacing a Police Officer Charges

There are several legal defenses that a skilled New York criminal defense attorney may use to fight Penal Code 120.18 charges, such as:

• No actual threat – If your actions would not put an officer in reasonable fear of harm, then menacing has not occurred.
• Mistaken identity – You may not have known the victim was a police/peace officer if they were plainclothes or did not identify themselves.
• False allegations – The charges could be exaggerated or completely fabricated by the officer.
• Mental illness – You may have been having a psychiatric episode and were unable to control your behavior.

An experienced attorney can evaluate the details of your case and build the strongest defense to have the charges reduced or dismissed. They can also advocate for alternatives to incarceration if appropriate.

Recent Cases and Legal Precedents

There have been some notable Penal Code 120.18 cases that helped define parameters of the law:

• People v. Stephens (2018) – Pointing an unloaded BB gun at officers was sufficient to sustain a menacing conviction[1].
• People v. Livio (2011) – Yelling threats from an apartment window at officers below constituted menacing[2].
• People v. Sylla (2005) – Merely approaching an officer aggressively without a weapon was not enough for a conviction[3].

These cases help define the type of conduct that does or does not satisfy the requirements for a menacing conviction. They demonstrate that while displaying any type of deadly weapon can qualify, aggressive actions without a weapon typically do not meet the threshold.

Conclusion

Menacing a police officer or peace officer is a serious violent felony offense in New York. Intentionally using threats or weapons to put officers in fear of injury carries steep penalties. However, experienced criminal defense counsel can thoroughly evaluate the evidence and build an effective defense to avoid convictions in appropriate cases. If you or a loved one are facing charges under NY Penal Code 120.18, be sure to consult an attorney right away to protect your rights.